Django单元测试类
TestCase与TransactionTestCase都是继承自SimpleTestCase,两者主要的区别在于:
- TestCase在测试开始时,判断当前连接的数据库是否支持事务特性,如支持,则开启事务操作;在测试结束时,同样判断是否支持事务特性,如支持,执行事务回滚,然后关闭所有链接。具体setUpClass与tearDownClass方法如下
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
super(TestCase, cls).setUpClass()
if not connections_support_transactions(): # 事务支持判断
return
cls.cls_atomics = cls._enter_atomics() # 开启事务,TestCase中测试代码均处于此事务Block中
if cls.fixtures:
for db_name in cls._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
try:
call_command('loaddata', *cls.fixtures, **{
'verbosity': 0,
'commit': False,
'database': db_name,
})
except Exception:
cls._rollback_atomics(cls.cls_atomics)
raise
cls.setUpTestData()
@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
if connections_support_transactions(): # 事务支持判断
cls._rollback_atomics(cls.cls_atomics) # 回滚所有操作
for conn in connections.all(): # 关闭所有链接
conn.close()
super(TestCase, cls).tearDownClass()
- TransactionTestCase与TestCase不同,在此测试类中并不开启事务块,测试结束时通过进行Fush操作清空数据。此类没有重写SimpleTestCase的setUp和tearDown方法,只修改了_post_teardown等如下:
f _post_teardown(self):
"""
* 清空数据库的内容
* 关闭链接
"""
try:
self._fixture_teardown()
super(TransactionTestCase, self)._post_teardown()
if self._should_reload_connections():
for conn in connections.all():
conn.close()
finally:
if self.available_apps is not None:
apps.unset_available_apps()
setting_changed.send(sender=settings._wrapped.__class__,
setting='INSTALLED_APPS',
value=settings.INSTALLED_APPS,
enter=False)
def _fixture_teardown(self):
for db_name in self._databases_names(include_mirrors=False):
call_command('flush', verbosity=0, interactive=False,
database=db_name, reset_sequences=False,
allow_cascade=self.available_apps is not None,
inhibit_post_migrate=self.available_apps is not None)
在事务方面的区别使得:使用TestCase时,如果被测试代码中出现必须在事务块中执行的代码,则会抛出异常,如官方举例的select_for_update():
SampleTestCase(TestCase):
def setUp(self):
Sample.objects.create(**{'field1': 'value1, 'field2': 'value2'})
def test_difference_testcase(self):
sample = Sample.objects.select_for_update().filter()
print(sample)
class SampleTransactionTestCase(TransactionTestCase):
def setUp(self):
Sample.objects.create(**{'field1': 'value1, 'field2': 'value2'})
def test_difference_transactiontestcase(self):
sample = Sample.objects.select_for_update().filter()
print(sample)
第一个TestCase会抛出异常:
AssertionError: TransactionManagementError not raised
第二个TTC会通过测试。
小结
- 使用TestCase,相当于后续代码都会处于一个外层事务的Block内执行,因此测试者不能测试必须运行在事务Block中的代码 (For instance, you cannot test that a block of code is executing within a transaction, as is required when using select_for_update())
- TestCase中,最终事务需要进行回滚,因此如果在测试代码中进行了conn.close()一类的操作将会引起异常
- TransactionTestCase不开启事务,并且通过测试结束时Flush DB的方案来还原干净环境